GLP Fusion

CLINICAL STUDIES ON THE FOLLOWING INGREDIENTS:

HIBISCUS

Clinical effects of Hibiscus sabdariffa Linn. on obesity treatment: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

Objective: This review aimed to determine the efficacy and safety of Hibiscus sabdariffa Linn in the treatment of obesity.

Methods: A comprehensive search of PubMed, EMBASE, and CENTRAL was conducted from inception to February 2024 to identify relevant studies. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were included if they explored the effect of H. sabdariffa on outcomes such as body weight, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, and waist-to-hip ratio. Data from the selected studies were then meta-analyzed using a random-effects model to estimate the pooled treatment effects.

Results: A total of six RCTs, encompassing 339 participants, met the inclusion criteria and were incorporated into the meta-analysis. Among these trials, four investigated the use of H. sabdariffa extract in capsule form, while the remaining two examined the effects of H. sabdariffa tea. The meta-analyses revealed no statistically significant differences between the H. sabdariffa and control groups in terms of weight reduction (MD = -0.27 kg, 95% CI: -1.98 to 1.42, I2 = 0.0%), BMI reduction (MD = -0.06 kg/m2, 95% CI: -0.58 to 0.47, I2 = 0.0%), or waist circumference reduction (MD = -0.20 cm, 95% CI: -2.06 to 1.66, I2 = 0.00%). Furthermore, the included studies reported no significant safety concerns associated with the use of H. sabdariffa.

Conclusion: The findings of this systematic review and meta-analysis do not indicate a clinical benefit of H. sabdariffa extract in the treatment of obesity. However, the authors suggest that further well-designed RCTs with longer treatment durations and standardized doses are warranted to explore the potential effects of H. sabdariffa on obesity-related outcomes more comprehensively.

Sources: Piyameth Dilokthornsakul, Natnicha Rattanachaisit, Phiyanuch Thimkorn, Supawan Pongpattanawut, Witoo Dilokthornsakul, Teerapon Dhippayom. Clinical effects of Hibiscus sabdariffa Linn. on obesity treatment: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Complementary Therapies in Medicine, Volume 82, 2024, 103063, ISSN 0965-2299.

Hibiscus sabdariffa extract inhibits obesity and fat accumulation, and improves liver steatosis in humans

Objective: This study aimed to confirm the effect of Hibiscus sabdariffa extract (HSE) on obesity, fat accumulation, and liver steatosis in humans.

Methods: A clinical trial was conducted in which subjects with a BMI ≥ 27, aged 18-65, were randomly divided into a control group (n = 17) and an HSE-treated group (n = 19) for 12 weeks. The HSE-treated group consumed Hibiscus sabdariffa extract, while the control group did not. The effects of HSE on various parameters related to obesity and liver health were assessed.

Results: The data showed that consumption of HSE led to a reduction in body weight, BMI, body fat, and waist-to-hip ratio in the HSE-treated group compared to the control group. Additionally, serum free fatty acid (FFA) levels were lowered by HSE. Anatomic changes indicated that HSE improved liver steatosis. Ingestion of HSE was well tolerated, with no adverse effects observed during the trial. No significant alterations were found in serum α-amylase and lipase levels. The clinical effects of HSE were attributed to its polyphenol content.

Conclusion: Consumption of Hibiscus sabdariffa extract (HSE) can reduce obesity, abdominal fat, and serum FFA levels, as well as improve liver steatosis in humans. HSE may serve as an adjuvant for preventing obesity and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.

Sources: Hong-Chou Chang, Chiung-Huei Peng, Da-Ming Yeh, Erl-Shyh Kao, Chau-Jong Wang. Hibiscus sabdariffa extract inhibits obesity and fat accumulation, and improves liver steatosis in humans. Food Funct., 2014,5, 734-739.

A systematic review and meta-analysis of the effects of Hibiscus sabdariffa on blood pressure and cardiometabolic markers

Objective: This review aimed to assess the effectiveness of Hibiscus sabdariffa (hibiscus) in modulating cardiovascular disease risk markers, comparing it with pharmacological, nutritional, or placebo treatments.

Methods: A systematic search was conducted across Web of Science, Cochrane, Ovid (MEDLINE, Embase, AMED), and Scopus databases for randomized controlled trials published up to June 2021, evaluating hibiscus as an intervention for lipid profiles, blood pressure (BP), and fasting plasma glucose levels in adult populations. Seventeen chronic trials were included, and quantitative data were analyzed using a random-effects meta-analysis and meta-regression, along with trial sequential analysis to mitigate type I and type II errors.

Results: Hibiscus demonstrated a stronger effect on systolic BP (-7.10 mmHg [95%CI, -13.00, -1.20]; I2 = 95%; P = 0.02) compared to placebo, with the most significant reduction observed in individuals with elevated baseline BP. The BP-lowering effects of hibiscus were similar to those of medication (systolic BP reduction, 2.13 mmHg [95%CI, -2.81, 7.06], I2 = 91%, P = 0.40; diastolic BP reduction, 1.10 mmHg [95%CI, -1.55, 3.74], I2 = 91%, P = 0.42). Additionally, hibiscus significantly reduced low-density lipoprotein levels compared to other teas and placebo (-6.76 mg/dL [95%CI, -13.45, -0.07]; I2 = 64%; P = 0.05).

Conclusion: Regular consumption of hibiscus may lead to a reduced risk of cardiovascular disease. However, further studies are needed to establish effective dose-response relationships and treatment durations.

Sources: Lucy R Ellis, Sadia Zulfiqar, Mel Holmes, Lisa Marshall, Louise Dye, Christine Boesch. A systematic review and meta-analysis of the effects of Hibiscus sabdariffa on blood pressure and cardiometabolic markers. Nutrition Reviews, Volume 80, Issue 5, May 2022, Pages 1248–1264.

Physiological Effects and Human Health Benefits of Hibiscus sabdariffa: A Review of Clinical Trials

Objective: This narrative review summarizes and discusses the physiological effects and health benefits of Hibiscus sabdariffa (HS) calyxes reported in clinical trials, highlighting its potential as a non-pharmacological therapy for preventing and controlling various chronic non-communicable diseases.

Methods: An extensive review of clinical trials was conducted to evaluate the physiological effects and health benefits of preparations obtained from HS calyxes, including extracts, infusions, decoctions, teas, beverages, capsules, and pills, as non-pharmacological interventions.

Results: The most reported health benefits of HS include its antihypertensive, antidyslipidemic, hypoglycemic, body fat mass reduction, nephroprotective, antianemic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-xerostomic activities. These effects are primarily associated with phytochemicals such as phenolic acids, flavonoids, anthocyanins, and organic acids found in HS. Clinical trials have not reported any adverse effects associated with HS consumption. However, the review identified several limitations within these studies, highlighting the need for further research.

Conclusion: Hibiscus sabdariffa demonstrates significant potential as a natural therapy for various health conditions, warranting further validation through large-scale studies with higher doses and improved experimental designs to confirm its clinical efficacy.

Sources: Efigenia Montalvo-González, Zuamí Villagrán, Sughey González-Torres, Laura Elena Iñiguez-Muñoz, Mario Alberto Isiordia-Espinoza, José Martín Ruvalcaba-Gómez, Ramón Ignacio Arteaga-Garibay, José Luis Acosta, Napoleón González-Silva, Luis Miguel Anaya-Esparza. Physiological Effects and Human Health Benefits of Hibiscus sabdariffa: A Review of Clinical Trials. Nutrients. 2022 Apr 17;14(8):1729.

Therapeutic potential of Hibiscus sabdariffa: A review of the scientific evidence

Objective: This review aimed to report the scientific evidence supporting the regular use of Hibiscus sabdariffa (H. sabdariffa) in decreasing oxidative stress, atherosclerosis, improving lipid profile, and reducing blood pressure.

Methods: A search of recent publications was conducted in Elsevier Journal, SciELO, FSTA, Science Direct, Springer Link, and NCBI databases. Results from clinical trials in humans, animal models, and cell cultures were recorded, focusing on keywords including H. sabdariffa, oxidative stress, polyphenols, hypertension, atherosclerosis, and lipid profile.

Results: The articles suggested a possible therapeutic effect of H. sabdariffa extracts on oxidative stress, lipid profile, hypertension, and atherosclerosis, attributed to its composition rich in phenolic compounds. Anthocyanins significantly decreased LDL oxidation, inhibited adipogenesis by regulating adipogenic signaling pathways and transcription factors, and modulated gene expression of certain microRNAs. No adverse events or side effects were reported in the studies reviewed.

Conclusion: Further homogeneous, placebo-controlled studies in humans are needed to confirm that H. sabdariffa has therapeutic efficacy in humans.

Sources: Soledad Guardiola, Núria Mach. Therapeutic potential of Hibiscus sabdariffa: A review of the scientific evidence. Endocrinol Nutr. 2014 Oct;61(7):415-27. English, Spanish.

A review of the effectiveness of hibiscus for treatment of metabolic syndrome

Abstract

Hibiscus species have a long history of use in traditional medicine for various ailments, including conditions related to inflammation. This review synthesizes findings from animal studies and clinical trials to assess the effectiveness of hibiscus in treating biomarkers of metabolic syndrome (MetS), such as hyperglycemia, hypertriglyceridemia, low high-density lipoprotein, obesity, and hypertension.

Methods: The authors searched the Google Scholar database for 12 edible species of hibiscus, using results from 1999 to 2019. The search combined scientific and common names of hibiscus species and their edible parts with 14 keywords related to metabolic syndrome (e.g., metabolic syndrome, blood glucose, obesity, hypertension, cholesterol). A total of 68 articles met the inclusion criteria, comprising 18 human studies, 48 animal studies, one combined human and animal study, and one unspecified.

Results: Hibiscus frequently improved blood glucose, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, blood pressure, body weight, lipid absorption, and fatty acid oxidation around the abdominal cavity. Higher doses sometimes led to greater benefits, particularly for animal body mass, but lower doses were often equally effective. In some instances, hibiscus was as effective as or more effective than pharmaceuticals in improving certain MetS biomarkers, especially blood glucose and insulin sensitivity.

Conclusion: Hibiscus shows significant promise for improving biomarkers associated with metabolic syndrome. However, the authors highlight several limitations that future research should address, including increasing the number and size of human clinical trials, expanding human trials to include a greater diversity of ethnicities, considering participants' health and physical activity, investigating the impact of growing conditions and preparation techniques on hibiscus nutrients, comparing different plant parts and products against controls within the same experiment, incorporating rigorous statistical analysis, and investigating dosage influences.

Sources: Tia D. Jeffery, Matthew L. Richardson. A review of the effectiveness of hibiscus for treatment of metabolic syndrome. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, Volume 264, 2021, 113762, ISSN 0378-8741.

MAQUI BERRY

Antioxidant Properties of Maqui Berry Extract (Aristotelia chilensis (Mol.) Stuntz) and Its Potential Photoprotective Role on Human Skin Fibroblasts

Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the effect of maqui berry extracts on human skin fibroblasts (NHSFs) exposed to ultraviolet radiation (UVB), focusing on their photoprotective properties.

Methods: The study determined the total polyphenolic content (TPC) and antioxidant capacity (DPPH) of maqui berry extracts, assessed their chemical composition and chemical purity (toxic elements level), and investigated their effects on UVB-exposed NHSFs in vitro.

Results: The water extract (MWE) had the highest polyphenol content (57.75 ± 0.44 mg GAE/g). Water (MWE) and ethanol (MEE70) extracts exhibited the highest inhibitory activities against DPPH radical formation (283.63 ± 7.29 and 284.60 ± 4.31 mg Tx/L, respectively). Extracts were safe in terms of As, Cd, and Pb levels, and did not cause a cytotoxic effect on NHSF cells. In the presence of maqui extracts, NHSF cell viability was increased or maintained upon UVB exposure, indicating a slightly protective effect against skin damage.

Conclusion: Maqui berry extracts have a slightly protective effect against skin damage caused by UVB radiation. Further research is required to determine which specific compounds contribute to the photoprotective activity.

Sources: Marta Wacewicz-Muczyńska, Justyna Moskwa, Anna Puścion-Jakubik, Sylwia K Naliwajko, Marek Niczyporuk, Katarzyna Socha. Antioxidant Properties of Maqui Berry Extract (Aristotelia chilensis (Mol.) Stuntz) and Its Potential Photoprotective Role on Human Skin Fibroblasts. Appl. Sci. 2023, 13, 12733.

A Review of the Functional Characteristics and Applications of Aristotelia chilensis (Maqui Berry) in the Food Industry

Objective: This review investigates the nutritional characteristics, health benefits, and applications of the Aristotelia chilensis (Maqui berry) in the food industry, emphasizing its high value of bioactive compounds, mainly polyphenols.

Methods: A review of scientific literature was conducted to consolidate information on Maqui, including its nutritional profile, health benefits related to disease control and prevention, and its diverse applications within the food industry.

Results: Maqui provides 150 calories per 100 g and has a low protein, high fiber content. Its seeds contain monounsaturated (MUFAs) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). The fruit is rich in bioactive compounds, including anthocyanins, indole alkaloids, flavonoids, coumarins, caffeic, and ferulic acids, with delphinidin 3-O-β-glucoside being the most representative. Maqui has potential as a nutraceutical product for glycemic and metabolic control, obesity and cancer prevention, cognitive enhancement, bone structure support, and protection against oxidative stress. It improves the shelf life and nutritional value of food products and serves as a substitute for synthetic additives in drinks, meat, bakery, and milk products.

Conclusion: Aristotelia chilensis, along with the use Maqui has a good acceptability and exerts benefits on people’s health. Knowledge about the application of Maqui in food will allow us to create new nutraceutical and food products that improve their nutritional and functional value.

Sources: Paula García-Milla, Rocío Peñalver, Gema Nieto. A Review of the Functional Characteristics and Applications of Aristotelia chilensis (Maqui Berry), in the Food Industry. Foods 2024, 13, 961.

Lyophilized Maqui (Aristotelia chilensis) Berry Induces Browning in the Subcutaneous White Adipose Tissue and Ameliorates the Insulin Resistance in High Fat Diet-Induced Obese Mice

Objective: The molecular mechanisms underlying the impact of Maqui on the onset and development of the obese phenotype and insulin resistance were investigated in high-fat diet-induced obese mice supplemented with a lyophilized maqui berry preparation.

Methods: High-fat diet-induced obese mice were supplemented with a lyophilized maqui berry for 16 weeks. Glucose tolerance test (GTT) and insulin tolerance test (ITT) were preformed, and expression of genes involved in de novo lipogenesis, fatty acid oxidation, multilocular lipid droplet formation and thermogenesis measured in subcutaneous white adipose tissue (scWAT).

Results: Maqui-dietary supplemented animals showed better insulin response, decreased weight gain, and differential expression of genes involved in de novo lipogenesis, fatty acid oxidation, multilocular lipid droplet formation, and thermogenesis in scWAT. These changes correlated with an increased expression of the carbohydrate response element binding protein b (Chrebpb), the sterol regulatory binding protein 1c (Srebp1c) and Cellular repressor of adenovirus early region 1A–stimulated genes 1 (Creg1) and an improvement in the fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) signaling.

Conclusion: Maqui dietary supplementation activates the induction of fuel storage and thermogenesis characteristic of a brown-like phenotype in scWAT and counteracts the unhealthy metabolic impact of an HFD. This induction constitutes a putative strategy to prevent/treat diet-induced obesity and its associated comorbidities.

Sources: Viviana Sandoval, Antoni Femenias, Úrsula Martínez-Garza, Hèctor Sanz-Lamora, Juan Manuel Castagnini, Paola Quifer-Rada, Rosa Maria Lamuela-Raventós, Pedro F Marrero, Diego Haro, Joana Relat. Lyophilized Maqui (Aristotelia chilensis) Berry Induces Browning in the Subcutaneous White Adipose Tissue and Ameliorates the Insulin Resistance in High Fat Diet-Induced Obese Mice. Nutrients. 2019 Sep 6;11(9):2100.

Metabolic Effects of Berries with Structurally Diverse Anthocyanins

Objective: This study examined effects of six berries with structurally diverse anthocyanin profiles on development of metabolic risk factors in the C57BL/6 mouse model of polygenic obesity.

Methods: Six-week-old mice were fed low-fat diet or high-fat diet for six weeks. Obese mice were further randomized to control high-fat diet or berry-supplemented treatment groups normalized to 400 µg/g total anthocyanins (blackberry, blackcurrant, black raspberry, blueberry, Concord grape, and maqui berry) for 12 weeks. The metabolic health, including body composition, hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, microbiome profile, and gastrointestinal luminal oxygen and oxidative stress, of the mice were investigated.

Results: Results showed a prominent discrepancy between biological activities of delphinidin/malvidin-versus cyanidin-type anthocyanins that could be explained by differences in their structure and metabolism in the gut. Consumption of berries also resulted in a strong shift in the gastrointestinal bacterial communities towards obligate anaerobes that correlated with decrease in the gastrointestinal luminal oxygen and oxidative stress.

Conclusion: Berries with structurally diverse anthocyanins on development of metabolic risk factors in the C57BL/6 mouse model of polygenic obesity. Further work is needed to understand mechanisms that lead to nearly anoxic conditions in the gut lumens, including the relative contributions of host, diet and/or microbial oxidative activity, and their implication to human health.

Sources: John Overall, Sierra A Bonney, Mickey Wilson, Arnold Beermann III, Mary H Grace, Debora Esposito, Mary Ann Lila, Slavko Komarnytsky. Metabolic Effects of Berries with Structurally Diverse Anthocyanins. J Nutr Biochem. 2017 May;43:95-104.

Hyperinsulinemia, cancer and maqui berry: The promise of nutritional supplementation

Abstract

Nutritional supplementation is explored as an alternative or adjunct treatment for diseases. The Chilean maqui berry (Aristotelia chilensis) has been shown to reduce postprandial insulin levels by up to fifty percent, acting as effectively as metformin in increasing insulin sensitivity and controlling blood glucose. Its mechanism involves inhibiting sodium-dependent glucose transporters in the small intestine, slowing sugar absorption into the bloodstream, and thus decreasing blood sugar spikes and corresponding insulin increases. Chronically high blood glucose and insulin levels (hyperinsulinemia) are significant factors in cancer development, with diabetics and prediabetics facing elevated cancer risk. Consistent maqui berry supplementation may therefore indirectly reduce the risk of cancer and other diseases exacerbated by hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia.

Methods: This paper presents a review of existing literature. It synthesizes findings on the pathogenesis linking insulin insensitivity and hyperinsulinemia to cancer, examines the efficacy of general nutritional supplementation against cancer, and specifically analyzes new data regarding the Chilean maqui berry extract's role in controlling or reducing hyperinsulinemia and its indirect impact on cancer risk. The review also discusses the proposed mechanism of action for maqui berry and considers potential side effects and safety.

Results: Hyperinsulinemia and insulin insensitivity are causally linked, often arising from a sedentary lifestyle and poor diet. These conditions significantly increase the risk of developing various cancers (e.g., 2-3 fold for breast, liver, and prostate cancer) and are associated with higher cancer mortality, even in non-obese individuals. Cancer cells rely heavily on glucose, and insulin, being an anabolic hormone, can promote cancerous cell proliferation. New research indicates that maqui berry extract can significantly reduce postprandial blood glucose elevations by 15% and postprandial insulin secretion by over 50%. This effect is attributed to delphinidins in maqui berry, which inhibit sodium-dependent glucose transporters in the small intestine, thus slowing glucose absorption. This mechanism allows for a smaller, more gradual rise in blood glucose and a lower insulin response. Studies showed maqui berry to be as effective as metformin in controlling blood sugar and increasing insulin sensitivity. Other nutritional supplements like vitamins C and D, berberine, and cinnamon also show promise in reducing inflammation, improving glucose control, and reducing cancer risk.

Conclusion: The maqui berry shows significant promise as a nutritional supplement for managing hyperinsulinemia and indirectly reducing cancer risk. By slowing glucose absorption and blunting postprandial insulin spikes, it can reduce chronic insulin levels and enhance insulin sensitivity. Given the strong correlation between hyperinsulinemia and increased cancer risk, incorporating maqui berry into the diet could potentially impede or prevent the progression from obesity/hyperinsulinemia to cancer. Its availability, affordability, relative safety, and ease of compliance make it an exciting prospect, although further research is warranted.

Sources: Brett Deters, Mir Saleem. Hyperinsulinemia, cancer and maqui berry: The promise of nutritional supplementation. Food Science & Human Wellness, Volume 8, Issue 3, 2019, Pages 289-293, ISSN 2213-4530.

YESTEIN Fermented Nutritional Yeast Protein

Yeast protein as a novel dietary protein source: Comparison with four common plant proteins in physicochemical properties

Objective: To compare the physicochemical properties of yeast protein (YP) with four common plant proteins (soy protein isolate, pea protein isolate, wheat gluten, and peanut protein) to evaluate YP's potential as an alternative protein source.

Methods: Surface morphology, bulk density, SDS-PAGE, surface hydrophobicity, intrinsic fluorescence, ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, in vitro protein digestibility (IVPD), rheological properties, and thermogravimetric analysis were performed.

Results: YP has a high surface hydrophobicity and is present in an aggregated state. In vitro digestibility indicated that YP (84.91 ± 0.52%) was a high-quality protein. Moreover, YP has a higher thermal stability and relatively stable low apparent viscosity, The most prevalent secondary structure in YP is the β-sheet. The tryptophan residues are primarily exposed on the polar surface of YP.

Conclusion: This study provides theoretical basis in the potential of YP as an alternative protein source. Yeast protein is found to possess promising nutritional and physicochemical attributes, making it a viable alternative to conventional plant proteins.

Sources: Chengxin Ma, Songgang Xia, Jian Song, Yukun Hou, Tingting Hao, Shuo Shen, Ku Li, Changhu Xue, Xiaoming Jiang. Yeast protein as a novel dietary protein source: Comparison with four common plant proteins in physicochemical properties. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 2023, 100555, ISSN 1040-8398.

Evaluation of the nutritional quality of yeast protein in comparison to animal and plant proteins using growing rats and INFOGEST model

Objective: To evaluate the protein quality of yeast protein and compare it with animal proteins (whey concentrate/isolate proteins) and plant proteins (soy, wheat, pea proteins).

Methods: The protein and amino acid digestibility were measured based on growing rats and in vitro method using the INFOGEST protocol. Amino acid score (AAS, >3 years), protein digestibility-corrected amino acid score (PDCAAS, >3 years), and digestibility-corrected amino acid score (DIAAS, >3 years) are calculated.

Results: Yeast protein exhibits the highest ratio of indispensable/dispensable amino acids (IAAs/DAAs, 0.91). However, yeast protein demonstrated lower true protein digestibility (TPD) and true ileal digestibility (TID) compared to other proteins. The AAS, PDCAAS, and DIAAS of yeast protein surpassed those of plant proteins, yet remained lower than animal proteins primarily due to its lower digestibility.

Conclusion: Yeast can serve as a candidate for balancing the amino acid profile of plant-based foods. Yeast protein had a well-balanced amino acid composition but with low digestibility.

Sources: Xin Cao, Hongjuan Liu, Miao Yang, Kanmin Mao, Xinzheng Wang, Ziyu Chen, Mingqi Ran, Liping Hao. Evaluation of the nutritional quality of yeast protein in comparison to animal and plant proteins using growing rats and INFOGEST model. Food Chemistry, Volume 449, 2024, 141178, ISSN 0308-8146.

Yeast Protein as an Easily Accessible Food Source

Objective: To review the possibilities of protein production by yeast groups with the use of various substrates, the safety of yeast protein used as food, to presents the possibilities of protein production by yeast groups with the use of various substrates as well as the safety of yeast protein used as food.

Methods: A review of studies on the production, nutritional benefits, and safety aspects of yeast protein biomass (single-cell protein, SCP) was conducted, emphasizing its potential as a sustainable and accessible food source.

Results: Yeast protein biomass (SCP) is a bioavailable product is obtained when primarily using as a culture medium inexpensive various waste substrates including agricultural and industrial wastes.. With the growing population, yeast protein seems to be an attractive alternative to traditional protein sources such as plants and meat. Moreover, yeast protein biomass also contains trace minerals and vitamins including B-group. Thus, using yeast in the production of protein provides both valuable nutrients and enhances purification of wastes.

Conclusion: Nutritional yeast protein biomass may be the best option for human and animal nutrition with a low environmental footprint. The rapidly evolving SCP production technology and discoveries from the world of biotechnology can make a huge difference in the future for the key improvement of hunger problems and the possibility of improving world food security. On the market of growing demand for cheap and environmentally clean SCP protein with practically unlimited scale of production, it may soon become one of the ingredients of our food.

Sources: Monika Elżbieta Jach, Anna Serefko, Maria Ziaja, Marek Kieliszek. Yeast Protein as an Easily Accessible Food Source. Metabolites 2022, 12, 63.

AFRICAN MANGO

UHPLC/HRMS Analysis of African Mango (Irvingia gabonensis) Seeds, Extract and Related Dietary Supplements

Objective: To investigate the chemical constituents of African mango (Irvingia gabonensis) seeds, African mango seeds extract (AMSE), and commercially available African mango-based dietary supplements (AMDS) using an ultra-high performance liquid chromatography with high-resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC-HRMS) method, and to find marker compounds for the authentication of AMDS products.

Methods: A developed UHPLC-PDA-HRMS method was used for the chemical constituents of AM (Irvingia Gabonensis) seeds and related dietary supplements.

Results: Ellagic acid, mono, di, tri-O-methyl-ellagic acid, and their glycosides were found as major components in African Mango seeds. Chromatographic profiles of AM seeds are distinctly different from that of regular mango (Mangifera indica). A wide variation in the constituents was found among AMSE products from China and AMDS products sold in the US.

Conclusion: With the developed UHPLC-PDA-HRMS method it was found that ellagic acid, methyl-ellagic acids and their glycosides were the main compounds in the authentic AM seeds and AM seed extract, and these compounds may be used for future quality control and assurance for AMSE or AMDS as marker compounds. The urgency for the enforcement of FDA’s GMP requirements for the dietary supplement industry was found in this study.

Sources: Jianghao Sun, Pei Chen. UHPLC/HRMS Analysis of African Mango (Irvingia gabonensis) Seeds, Extract and Related Dietary Supplements. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 2012, 60, 35, 8652-8659.

The efficacy of Irvingia gabonensis supplementation in the management of overweight and obesity: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials

Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of Irvingia gabonensis supplementation in overweight and obese humans.

Methods: A systematic search of MEDLINE, EMBASE, AMED, and The Cochrane Library was conducted from inception up to April 2012 to identify randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing orally administered Irvingia gabonensis with placebo for weight reduction in overweight or obese participants and had to report body weight or body composition as an outcome measure. Data were combined in a narrative synthesis. Two reviewers independently assessed the studies for eligibility and trial quality.

Results: Three RCTs (208 participants) were included. All three trials reported a statistically significant reduction in body weight and significant changes in waist circumferences with Irvingia gabonensis compared with placebo. All RCTs suggested positive effects of I. gabonensis on the blood lipid profile, and two RCTs reported adverse events including headache, sleep difficulties, and flatulence; however, there were no significant differences between Irvingia gabonensis and placebo for adverse events. All studies had poor randomisation, allocation concealment, and blinding.

Conclusion: Until good quality trials were available that demonstrate its efficacy, Irvingia gabonensis could not be recommended as a weight loss aid. Larger rigorous studies were needed including volunteers from other racial background to enable a broader and more objective evaluation of the effects of I. gabonensis. Future studies should be longer in duration and included large post-marketing surveillance studies to determine safety.

Sources: Onakpoya I, Davies L, Posadzki P, Ernst E. The efficacy of Irvingia gabonensis supplementation in the management of overweight and obesity: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Journal of Dietary Supplements 2013; 10(1): 29-38.

The effect of Irvingia gabonensis seeds on body weight and blood lipids of obese subjects in Cameroon

Abstract

This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of Irvingia gabonensis (IG) seeds in managing obesity. A double-blind randomized study was conducted with 40 obese subjects. Twenty-eight subjects received 1.05 g of IG three times daily for one month, while 12 received a placebo. All participants maintained a normocaloric diet. After one month, the IG group showed a significant decrease in mean body weight (5.26 ± 2.37%, p < 0.0001) compared to the placebo group (1.32 ± 0.41%, p < 0.02), with a significant difference between groups (p < 0.01). The IG group also experienced significant reductions in total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, and triglycerides, alongside an increase in HDL-cholesterol. The placebo group showed no changes in blood lipid components. The findings suggest that Irvingia gabonensis seed may be beneficial for weight loss.

Methods: Forty obese subjects (mean age 42.4 years, range 19-55) were recruited and screened to exclude diabetics, pregnant, and lactating women. They were randomly assigned to either the Irvingia gabonensis (IG) group (n=28) or the placebo group (n=12) in a double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover design for a 4-week treatment period. The IG group received 350 mg of Irvingia gabonensis seed extract in capsules, three times daily (total 3.15 g/day), 30 minutes before meals. The placebo group received oat bran capsules identical in appearance. All subjects were instructed to follow a low-fat (1800 Kcal) normocaloric diet and keep diet records. Anthropometric measurements (body weight, body fat using TANITA™ monitor, waist, and hip circumferences) were taken weekly. Blood samples were collected at baseline, two weeks, and four weeks to measure total cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, and glucose using commercial diagnostic kits. Statistical analysis involved paired Student's t-tests.

Results: After one month, the IG group experienced a significant weight reduction of 5.6 ± 2.7% (p < 0.0001), while the placebo group had a reduction of 2.23 ± 1.05% (p < 0.05). Waist circumference decreased by 5.07 ± 3.18% (p < 0.0001) and hip circumference by 3.42 ± 2.12% (p < 0.0001) in the IG group. Systolic blood pressure was significantly reduced in the active extract group from week 2 (Table 2). Blood lipid analysis in the IG group showed significant reductions in total cholesterol (39.21%), triglycerides (44.9%, p < 0.05), and LDL-cholesterol (45.58%), accompanied by a significant increase in HDL-cholesterol (46.852%). The total cholesterol/HDL ratio (p < 0.05) and blood glucose level (32.36%, p < 0.05) also decreased significantly in the IG group. No significant changes were observed in the placebo group's blood lipid components.

Conclusion: The study concludes that Irvingia gabonensis seed extract significantly reduces body weight, waist and hip circumferences, and improves blood lipid profiles (reducing total cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL-c, and increasing HDL-c) in obese subjects. It also showed a reduction in blood glucose and systolic blood pressure. The findings suggest that Irvingia gabonensis seed may be a promising agent for weight loss and the control of dietary lipids.

Sources: Judith L Ngondi, Julius E Oben, Samuel R Minka. The effect of Irvingia gabonensis seeds on body weight and blood lipids of obese subjects in Cameroon. Lipids in Health and Disease, 2005, 4:12. DOI: 10.1186/1476-511X-4-12. PMCID: PMC1168905. PMID: 15916709.

ASHWAGANDHA

Body Weight Management in Adults Under Chronic Stress Through Treatment With Ashwagandha Root Extract—A Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial

Objective: To evaluate the safety and efficacy of a standardized root extract of Ashwagandha in a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial to manage body weight in adults under chronic stress.

Methods: A total of 52 subjects under chronic stress were randomized to receive either Ashwagandha (300 mg) or a placebo twice daily for 8 weeks. Primary efficacy measures were the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) and Food Cravings Questionnaire (FCQ-T). Secondary efficacy measures were the Oxford Happiness Questionnaire (OHQ), Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire (TFEQ), serum cortisol, body weight, and body mass index (BMI).

Results: Treatment with Ashwagandha resulted in significant improvements in primary and secondary measures, with significant differences in mean reduction of body weight and body mass index were shown at the level of P=0.0148 and P=0.0096 respectively. Also, the extract was found to be safe and tolerable.

Conclusion: Ashwagandha root extract can be used for body weight management in adults under chronic stress.

Sources: Dnyanraj Choudhary, Sauvik Bhattacharyya, Kedar Joshi. Body Weight Management in Adults Under Chronic Stress Through Treatment With Ashwagandha Root Extract—A Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial. Journal of Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 2016;22(3):496-506.

Investigating the Impact of Ashwagandha and Meditation on Stress-Induced Obesogenic Eating Behaviours

Objective: To critically appraise and synthesize evidence assessing the efficacy of ashwagandha and meditation in relation to weight loss interventions by supporting the stress response and the pathways that promote hyperpalatable food preference and increased appetite.

Methods: A Systematic Search of the Literature with a Critical Appraisal of papers considering ashwagandha, mediation and mindfulness in relation to mechanisms of the stress response. A total of 51 studies met the inclusion criteria and were critically appraised with ARRIVE, SIGN50 and Strobe checklists. Data from the 51 studies was extracted, coded into key themes and summarized in a narrative analysis.

Results: Thematic analysis identified 4 key themes related to ashwagandha and 2 key themes related to meditation. Results provide an overview of evidence assessing the efficacy of ashwagandha and meditation in relation to weight loss interventions by supporting the stress response and the pathways highlighted. Results of Clinical studies indicate that ashwagandha supports weight loss through reduced stress, cortisol and food cravings. Pre-clinical studies also suggest that ashwagandha possesses the capacity to regulate food intake by improving leptin and insulin sensitivity and reducing addictive behaviors through dopamine regulation. Clinical studies on meditation indicate it may enhance a weight loss protocol by reducing the stress response, cortisol release and blood glucose and improving eating behaviors.

Conclusion: Ashwagandha and meditation may enhance weight loss in part by reducing the stress response and cortisol levels, which serve to regulate the appetite and aid dietary compliance. The application of stress-reducing interventions, ashwagandha and/or meditation could be incorporated into an integrative weight loss protocol in combination with a physical exercise and a personalized nutrition program in order to provide the most benefit.

Sources: Daniel Quinones, Michelle Barrow & Karin Seidler (2024) Investigating the Impact of Ashwagandha and Meditation on Stress Induced Obesogenic Eating Behaviours, Integrative Medicine Research, 13:1, 68-88.

Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha) supplementation: a review of its mechanisms, health benefits, and role in sports performance

Objective: To provide a thorough analysis of the specific mechanisms of action of Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha) and its impact on different aspects of physical performance, body composition, and medical effects.

Methods: A narrative review of available research examining the effects of Ashwagandha supplementation on qualities such as: strength, endurance, power, recovery, muscle mass, body fat, fertility, anxiety, metabolic health and aging.

Results: Supplementing stressed adults with Ashwagandha can decrease morning cortisol levels, improve subjective stress. It has shown positive benefits in fertility problems, anxiety, metabolic disorders such as dyslipidaemia, insulin resistance and diabetes, cognitive function, and obsessive-compulsive disorders. Further, it is suggested to have beneficial effects on athletic performance, through both indirect ways (improvement in sleep, regulation of stress and hormone levels) and direct actions such as anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory properties.

Conclusion: A wide range of gaps in the current literature on Ashwagandha is emerging, the effectiveness of Ashwagandha supplementation is rather clear, but specific mechanisms of its action need further exploration. Potential mechanisms worth looking into are sleep-promoting GABAergic activity, augmenting antioxidant capacity, hormones such as cortisol and testosterone. Another interesting subject is potential crosstalk between those mechanisms and their hierarchy.

Sources: Mateusz Sprengel, Radosław Laskowski & Zbigniew Jost (2025) Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha) supplementation: a review of its mechanisms, health benefits, and role in sports performance, Nutrition & Metabolism 22:9.

Ashwagandha’s Multifaceted Effects on Human Health: Impact on Vascular Endothelium, Inflammation, Lipid Metabolism, and Cardiovascular Outcomes—A Review

Abstract

Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha) has long been recognized for its anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, immunomodulatory, hepatoprotective, cardioprotective, anti-diabetic, adaptogenic, anti-arthritic, anti-stress, and antimicrobial properties. This review explores Ashwagandha's effects on the vascular endothelium, inflammation, lipid metabolism, and cardiovascular outcomes. Studies indicate that Ashwagandha extracts exhibit anti-angiogenic effects by inhibiting VEGF-induced capillary formation and decrease microvessel density. Its anti-inflammatory role is highlighted by a reduction in pro-inflammatory cytokine expression. Withanolides in Ashwagandha root inhibit preadipocyte differentiation. Research also demonstrates cardioprotective effects due to antioxidant properties and reduced ischemia/reperfusion-induced apoptosis. While Ashwagandha shows promise for various conditions, particularly those involving inflammation, further research is needed to elucidate its exact mechanisms of action.

Methods: This is a review article. The authors searched the PubMed and Google Scholar databases using combinations of keywords such as "Ashwagandha," "Withania somnifera," "withanolides," "inflammation," "lipid metabolism," "vascular endothelium," "blood pressure," and "cardiovascular outcomes." The search primarily focused on research published between 2003 and 2023. The review synthesized findings from in vitro studies, in vivo animal studies, and human clinical trials to assess Ashwagandha's impact on various physiological systems and disease biomarkers.

Conclusion: Ashwagandha demonstrates a wide range of beneficial effects on human health, impacting the vascular endothelium (anti-angiogenic, vasodilatory, antioxidant), inflammation (anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory), and lipid metabolism (anti-adipogenic, hypolipidemic). These multifaceted effects suggest potential for improving cardiovascular outcomes, primarily through its strong anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, which exert cardioprotective effects against ischemia-induced damage. However, the review highlights several limitations: a lack of large-scale human clinical trials, particularly for long-term cardiovascular outcomes and lipid metabolism disorders; inconsistent effects on blood pressure; issues with the standardization of extracts and bioavailability of active compounds; and potential side effects (e.g., liver injury, thyroid dysfunction, interactions with medications) and contraindications. More research is needed to clarify mechanisms, standardize dosages, and validate its efficacy and safety as a standalone or complementary treatment for specific conditions.

Sources: Michał Wiciński, Anna Fajkiel-Madajczyk, Zuzanna Kurant, Sara Liss, Paweł Szyperski, Monika Szambelan, Bartłomiej Gromadzki, Iga Rupniak, Maciej Słupski, Iwona Sadowska-Krawczenko. Ashwagandha’s Multifaceted Effects on Human Health: Impact on Vascular Endothelium, Inflammation, Lipid Metabolism, and Cardiovascular Outcomes—A Review. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 2024, 25(8), 4410. DOI: 10.3390/ijms25084410. PMCID: PMC11314093. PMID: 39125360.

CEYLON CINNAMON

Cinnamon, an effective anti-obesity agent: Evidence from an umbrella meta-analysis

Objective: To evaluate the effects of cinnamon on obesity indices by an umbrella meta-analysis, given conflicting evidence from previous meta-analyses.

Methods: The study systematically searched electronic databases including Web of Science, PubMed, EMBASE, and Scopus up to March 2021. Data for the effects of cinnamon on anthropometric indices were collected from meta-analyses. An umbrella meta-analysis was carried out using a random-effects model.

Results: The pooled effects of 7 meta-analyses showed that cinnamon supplementation significantly reduced body weight (ES: -0.67 kg; 95% CI: -0.99, -0.35, p < .001) and body mass index (ES: -0.45 kg/m2; 95% CI: -0.57, -0.33, p < .001) in comparison to control group. The effects were greater in doses of ≥3 g/day and in PCOS patients. However, the effects of cinnamon on waist circumference (ES: -1.05 cm; 95% CI: -2.26, 0.15, p = .087) were not considerable.

Conclusion: Cinnamon could be suggested as a complementary weight loss agent. Favorable results were obtained at a dose of ≥3 g/day.

Sources: Majid Keramati, Vali Musazadeh, Mahsa Malekahmadi, Parmida Jamilian, Parsa Jamilian, Zohre Ghoreishi, Meysam Zarezadeh, Alireza Ostadrahimi. Cinnamon, an effective anti-obesity agent: Evidence from an umbrella meta-analysis. Journal of Food Biochemistry. 2022;e14166.

Cinnamon supplementation positively affects obesity: A systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

Objective: To summarize the effects of cinnamon intake on body weight (BW), Body Mass Index (BMI), Waist Circumference (WC), and fat mass (FM) in adults with a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs).

Methods: Online electronic search engines including PubMed, SCOPUS, Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar were searched to find pertinent articles until September 2018. Data were pooled using the random-effects method and were expressed as weighted mean difference (WMD) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). The non-linear association was assessed using fractional polynomial modeling.

Results: Twelve trials that enrolled 786 subjects were included. The pooled results showed that cinnamon administration significantly decreased BW (WMD: -1.02 kg, 95% CI: -1.66 to -0.38, P = 0.002), BMI (WMD: -0.51 kg/m2, 95% CI: -0.74, -0.28, P < 0.001), WC (WMD: -2.40 cm, 95% CI: -4.48, -0.33, P = 0.02), and FM (WMD: -1.02%, 95% CI: -1.80, -0.24, P = 0.01). Greater effects on BW were observed in subjects aged <50 years old and those with a baseline BMI of ≥30 kg/m2. The cinnamon administrations significantly reduced FM at the dosages of ≥2 g/d, when administered for ≥12 weeks. Cinnamon administration resulted in BW and WC reduction in non-linear fashion (P = 0.04).

Conclusion: Cinnamon supplementation significantly affects obesity measures. It could be recommended as a weight-reducing supplement in obesity management.

Sources: Seyed Mohammad Mousavi, Jamal Rahmani, Hamed Kord-Varkaneh, Ali Sheikhi, Bagher Larijani, Ahmad Esmaillzadeh. Cinnamon supplementation positively affects obesity: A systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Clinical Nutrition, Volume 38, Issue 6, 2019, Pages 2466-2476.

Cinnamon: Mystic powers of a minute ingredient

Objective: To review the data regarding the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antilipemic, antidiabetic, antimicrobial, and anticancer effects of cinnamon.

Methods: Data were collected regarding its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antilipemic, antidiabetic, antimicrobial, and anticancer effect after extensive research on PubMed and Google scholar.

Results: This systematic review underlines the surplus health benefits of this clandestine ingredient and the scope of further research in these clinical scenarios. Results showed that cinnamon, due to its exotic flavor and aroma, is a key ingredient in the kitchen of every household and has instigated the interest of many researchers. Recently many trials have explored the beneficial effects of cinnamon in Parkinsons, diabetes, blood, and brain.

Conclusion: It highlights the significance of this regularly consumed spice with respect to the cardiovascular system, hematological system, central nervous system, etc., Given its broad spectrum of applicability, this particular palatable spice can be used as an adjunct to the regular medications in most of the patients. However, despite all these pleiotropic effects, further research is mandated in order to substantiate the clinical effects of the drug in the dose in which it is being consumed.

Sources: Pallavi Kawatra, Rathai Rajagopalan. Cinnamon: Mystic powers of a minute ingredient. Pharmacognosy Res. 2015 Oct-Dec;7(Suppl 1):S1-6.

The Effect of Different Amounts of Cinnamon Consumption on Blood Glucose in Healthy Adult Individuals

Abstract

This study investigated the impact of various daily cinnamon amounts on preprandial blood glucose (PrBG), postprandial blood glucose (PoBG), glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), and body mass index (BMI) in healthy adults. Forty-one healthy individuals were divided into three groups, receiving 1 g/day, 3 g/day, or 6 g/day of cinnamon for 40 days. Blood tests for HbA1c and PrBG were taken at baseline and PoBG after breakfast. No significant changes were found in body weight, BMI, or HbA1c across groups. However, the 6 g/day group showed a significant decrease in PrBG. Significant reductions in PoBG were observed in all three groups (1g, 3g, and 6g/day) over the study period. The findings suggest that 3–6 g of cinnamon consumption positively affects certain blood parameters, warranting increased awareness of its regular consumption.

Methods: A randomized-controlled clinical trial was conducted with 41 healthy adult volunteers in Tokat, Turkey, between March and April 2016. Participants were divided into three groups: Group 1 (n=14) received 1 g/day of ground Cinnamomum cassia, Group 2 (n=14) received 3 g/day, and Group 3 (n=13) received 6 g/day, all for 40 days. Exclusion criteria included chronic diseases, medication use, cinnamon allergy, and peptic ulcer history. At baseline, on day 20, and on day 40, preprandial blood glucose (PrBG), postprandial blood glucose (PoBG) (2 hours after breakfast), and HbA1c (baseline and day 40 only) were measured. Body weight and height were measured at baseline for BMI calculation. Statistical analysis used SPSS 20.0, including chi-square tests, Shapiro-Wilk test, paired t-tests, and one-way ANOVA for repeated measures, with significance set at p<.05.

Results: Body Weight & BMI: No statistically significant differences were observed in average body weight or BMI values before, on day 20, or on day 40 across any of the cinnamon consumption groups (p>.05). HbA1c: No statistically significant difference was found in HbA1c levels between baseline and day 40 for any of the 1g, 3g, or 6g/day groups (p>.05).

Preprandial Blood Glucose (PrBG): The 6g/day group showed a statistically significant decrease in PrBG between baseline and day 40 (p<.05). No statistically significant differences were found in the 1g and 3g/day groups for PrBG. Postprandial Blood Glucose (PoBG): All three groups (1g, 3g, and 6g/day) demonstrated statistically significant decreases in PoBG. For the 1g group, a significant decrease was noted between day 20 and day 40 (p<.05). For the 3g and 6g/day groups, significant decreases were observed between baseline and day 40 (p<.05). Proportional declines in PoBG ranged from 8.48% (1g group by day 40) to 12.71% (6g group by day 40).

Conclusion: This study indicates that cinnamon consumption positively impacts blood glucose levels in healthy individuals, particularly in postprandial measurements. While no significant effects were found on BMI or HbA1c, and preprandial glucose only significantly decreased with the highest dose (6g/day), postprandial glucose levels were significantly reduced across all tested doses, with greater effects observed at 3-6g/day. The authors conclude that cinnamon plays a regulatory role in maintaining blood glucose within normal limits in healthy individuals and suggest further detailed, long-term studies to enrich data on its effects.

Sources: Nildem Kizilaslan, Nihal Zekiye Erdem. The Effect of Different Amounts of Cinnamon Consumption on Blood Glucose in Healthy Adult Individuals. International Journal of Preventive Medicine, 2019 Mar 13;10:39. DOI: 10.4103/ijpvm.IJPVM_337_17. PMCID: PMC6425402. PMID: 30949494.

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