Magnesium
CLINICAL STUDIES ON THE FOLLOWING INGREDIENTS:
Effects of Magnesium Supplementation on Blood Pressure: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Trials
Abstract
Objective: To quantify the effect of oral magnesium (Mg) supplementation on blood pressure (BP) by synthesizing evidence from randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials.
Methods: MEDLINE and EMBASE databases were searched up to February 1, 2016, for trials of Mg supplementation on normotensive and hypertensive adults. Weighted mean differences of changes in BP and serum Mg were calculated using a random-effects meta-analysis model.
Results: Thirty-four trials involving 2028 participants showed that Mg supplementation (median dose of 368 mg/d for a median of 3 months) significantly reduced systolic BP by 2.00 mm Hg and diastolic BP by 1.78 mm Hg, while increasing serum Mg by 0.05 mmol/L compared to placebo. There was a potential dose response found, in that Mg supplementation with a dose of 300 mg/d or duration of 1 month is sufficient to elevate serum Mg and reduce BP
Conclusion: Mg supplementation has a causal effect on lowering blood pressure in adults. Further well-designed trials are warranted to validate these findings.
Source: Zhang, X., Li, Y., Del Gobbo, L. C., Rosanoff, A., Wang, J., Zhang, W., & Song, Y. (2016). Effects of Magnesium Supplementation on Blood Pressure: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Trials. Hypertension, 68(2), 324-333.
Dose-Response Relationship between Dietary Magnesium Intake and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review and Meta-Regression Analysis of Prospective Cohort Studies
Abstract
Objective: To summarize the evidence for the association of dietary magnesium intake with risk of T2D and evaluate the dose-response relationship.
Methods: A systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies reporting dietary magnesium intake and risk of incident T2D. Data were extracted from major scientific literature databases and grey literature resources up to February 2016. Linear dose-response relationships were assessed using random-effects meta-regression, and potential nonlinear associations were evaluated using restricted cubic splines.
Results: Twenty-five studies were identified, comprising 637,922 individuals including 26,828 with a T2D diagnosis. Compared with the lowest magnesium consumption group, the risk of T2D was reduced by 17%. A statistically significant linear dose-response relationship was found between incremental magnesium intake and T2D risk. The risk of T2D incidence was reduced by 8%–13% per 100 mg/day increment in dietary magnesium intake. No nonlinear dose-response relationship was observed.
Conclusion: Dietary magnesium reduces the risk of T2D, with a statistically significant linear dose-response pattern within the reference dose range of dietary intake among Asian and US populations. The evidence from Europe and black people is limited.
Source: Fang, X., Han, H., Li, M., Liang, C., Fan, Z., Aaseth, J., He, J., Montgomery, S., & Cao, Y. (2016). Dose-Response Relationship between Dietary Magnesium Intake and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review and Meta-Regression Analysis of Prospective Cohort Studies. Nutrients, 8(11), 739.
An update on magnesium and bone health
Abstract
Objective: To review research published since 2009 on the relationship between magnesium (Mg) blood levels, dietary intake, supplementation, and bone health in humans.
Methods: A narrative review was conducted, examining studies on Mg blood levels, Mg intake, and Mg supplementation (alone or with other micronutrients) and their effect on bone health.
Results: The review included 28 eligible studies. Findings indicate that lower Mg blood levels are associated with osteoporosis, with 30-40% of analyzed subjects (mainly menopausal women) having hypomagnesaemia. Low dietary Mg intake is common (affecting ~20% of people), correlating with lower bone mineral density and higher fracture risk. Mg supplementation (250-1800 mg, using citrate, carbonate, or oxide forms) benefits bone mineral density and reduces fracture risk.
Conclusion: Magnesium plays an important role in bone health, with both adequate intake and supplementation showing potential benefits.
Source: Rondanelli, M., Faliva, M. A., Tartara, A., Gasparri, C., Perna, S., Infantino, V., Riva, A., Petrangolini, G., & Peroni, G. (2021). An update on magnesium and bone health. Biometals, 34(4), 715–736.
Dietary Intake of Calcium and Magnesium in Relation to Severe Headache or Migraine
Abstract
Objective: To investigate the association between dietary calcium and magnesium intake and migraine.
Methods: Data from 10,798 adults in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES) of America (1999–2004) were analyzed. Participants who reported having severe headache or migraine were classified as having possible migraine. Multivariable logistic regression and restricted cubic spline regression were used to assess the association between dietary calcium and magnesium and migraine.
Results: High dietary calcium and magnesium intake were inversely associated with migraine. Adjusted odds ratios (ORs) for comparing the highest and lowest quintile intakes were 0.77 (calcium) and 0.69 (magnesium). In women, the high-calcium and high-magnesium group had an OR of 0.74 compared to the low-calcium and low-magnesium group. In men, high dietary calcium was negatively related to migraine.
Conclusion: High dietary intake of calcium and magnesium, independently or in combination, were inversely associated with migraine in women. High dietary calcium was negatively related to migraine in men, but magnesium was not significantly associated.
Source: Meng, S.-H., Wang, M.-X., Kang, L.-X., Fu, J.-M., Zhou, H.-B., Li, X., Li, X., Li, X.-T., & Zhao, Y.-S. (2022). Dietary Intake of Calcium and Magnesium in Relation to Severe Headache or Migraine. Frontiers in Neurology, 13.
Magnesium supplementation beneficially affects depression in adults with depressive disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials
Abstract
Objective: To summarize evidence on the impact of magnesium supplementation on depression scores in adults with depressive disorder through a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials (RCTs).
Methods: A systematic search of online databases was conducted using related keywords up to July 2023. Studies included were randomized clinical trials examining the effect of magnesium, compared to placebo, on depression scores.
Results: Seven clinical trials were included, totaling 325 individuals. Meta-analysis showed a significant decline in depression scores due to magnesium supplementation (SMD: −0.919, 95% CI: −1.443 to −0.396, p = 0.001).
Conclusion: Magnesium supplementation can have a beneficial effect on depression. Future high-quality RCTs with larger sample sizes are needed to confirm this effect in clinical settings.
Source: Moabedi, M., Aliakbari, M., Erfanian, S., & Milajerdi, A. (2024). Magnesium supplementation beneficially affects depression in adults with depressive disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 14.
The effect of magnesium supplementation on primary insomnia in elderly: A double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial
Abstract
Objective: To determine the efficacy of magnesium supplementation to improve insomnia in the elderly.
Methods: A double-blind randomized clinical trial was conducted in 46 elderly subjects, randomly allocated to the magnesium or placebo group and received 500 mg magnesium or placebo daily for 8 weeks. Questionnaires and sleep logs were used to assess outcomes.
Results: Dietary magnesium supplementation brought about statistically significant increases in sleep time (P = 0.002) and sleep efficiency (P = 0.03), and also resulted in significant decrease of ISI score (P = 0.006), sleep onset latency (P = 0.02) and serum cortisol concentration (P = 0.008). Supplementation also resulted in marginally between-group significant reduction in early morning awakening (P = 0.08).
Conclusion: Supplementation of magnesium appears to improve subjective measures of insomnia and objective measures in elderly people.
Source: Abbasi, B., Kimiagar, M., Sadeghniiat, K., Shirazi, M. M., Hedayati, M., & Rashidkhani, B. (2012). The effect of magnesium supplementation on primary insomnia in elderly: A double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial. Journal of Research in Medical Sciences: The Official Journal of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, 17(12), 1161–1169.
Magnesium status and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): A meta-analysis
Abstract
Objective: To summarize and quantify the published literature on the association between serum magnesium levels and the diagnosis of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).
Methods: A meta-analysis using a random-effects model was used to summarize the overall association between serum magnesium levels and ADHD. Data were collected from all relevant observational studies published up to August 2018 on Scopus and PubMed.
Results: Seven studies reporting the mean and standard deviation (SD) of magnesium concentration in both ADHD and control groups were identified. Subjects with ADHD had 0.105 mmol/l lower serum magnesium levels compared to their healthy controls.
Conclusion: Evidence from this meta-analysis supports the theory that an inverse relationship between serum magnesium deficiency and ADHD exists.
Source: Effatpanah, M., Rezaei, M., Effatpanah, H., Effatpanah, Z., Varkaneh, H. K., Mousavi, S. M., Fatahi, S., Rinaldi, G., & Hashemi, R. (2019). Magnesium status and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): A meta-analysis. Psychiatry Research, 274, 228-234.
Effect of Vitamin D and Magnesium Supplementation on Behavior Problems in Children with Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Abstract
Objective: To examine the effects of Vitamin D and magnesium supplementation on behavior problems in children with Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD).
Methods: A double-blind, randomized controlled clinical trial was conducted on 66 children with ADHD who received both Vitamin D (50,000 IU/week) and magnesium (6 mg/kg/day) supplements (n = 33) or placebos (n = 33) for 8 weeks. Children's behavior was assessed using Conners’ Parent Rating Scale at baseline and the end of the study.
Results: Supplementation with Vitamin D and magnesium resulted in a significant decrease in conduct problems, social problems, and anxiety/shy scores compared to placebo. However, the intervention did not affect psychosomatic problem scores.
Conclusion: Vitamin D and magnesium supplementation in children with ADHD improved conduct problems, social problems, and anxiety/shy scores compared with placebo.
Source: Hemamy, M., Heidari-Beni, M., Askari, G., Karahmadi, M., & Maracy, M. (2020). Effect of Vitamin D and Magnesium Supplementation on Behavior Problems in Children with Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. Iranian Journal of Pediatrics, 30(1).
Examining the Effects of Supplemental Magnesium on Self-Reported Anxiety and Sleep Quality: A Systematic Review
Abstract
Objective: To provide an updated examination of clinical evidence on the use of magnesium for the treatment of anxiety and sleep disorders.
Methods: A systematic review of interventional trials was conducted using the PubMed database. Inclusion criteria required sufficient reporting detail, use of standardized instruments to measure anxiety and sleep outcomes, and an appropriate magnesium dose.
Results: Fifteen studies met the inclusion criteria. Eight measured sleep-related outcomes, seven measured anxiety-related outcomes, and one examined both. The majority of included studies demonstrated improvement in at least one sleep- or anxiety-related parameter, with sleep quality measured most frequently using the PSQI, and anxiety measured using self-reported measures like the Hamilton Anxiety Scale.
Conclusion: Supplemental magnesium is likely useful in treating mild anxiety and insomnia, particularly in those with low magnesium status at baseline. Larger, randomized clinical trials are needed to confirm efficacy and establish the most effective forms and dosages of magnesium for the treatment of insomnia and anxiety disorders.
Source: Rawji, A., Peltier, M. R., Mourtzanakis, K., Awan, S., Rana, J., Pothen, N. J., & Afzal, S. (2024). Examining the Effects of Supplemental Magnesium on Self-Reported Anxiety and Sleep Quality: A Systematic Review. Cureus, 16(5), e60435.
Study of Magnesium Formulations on Intestinal Cells to Influence Myometrium Cell Relaxation
Abstract
Objective: To study the permeability in human intestinal cells (Caco-2 cells) and direct effects on myometrial cells (PHM1-41 cells) of two different forms of magnesium, i.e., sucrosomial and bisglycinate, in order to verify the magnesium capacity of modulate contractility.
Methods: Cell viability, reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide (NO) production, magnesium concentration, contractility, and pathways involved were analyzed.
Results: Buffered chelate bisglycinate showed better influence on intestinal permeability and myometrial relaxation over time, with a maximum effect at 3 h and greater availability compared to the sucrosomial form.
Conclusion: Magnesium-buffered bisglycinate chelate showed better intestinal absorption and myometrial contraction, indicating a better chance of effectiveness in human applications.
Source: Uberti, F., Morsanuto, V., Ruga, S., Galla, R., Farghali, M., Notte, F., Bozzo, C., Magnani, C., Nardone, A., & Molinari, C. (2020). Study of Magnesium Formulations on Intestinal Cells to Influence Myometrium Cell Relaxation. Nutrients, 12(3), 573.
References:
- https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.116.07664?url_ver=Z39.88-2003&rfr_id=ori:rid:crossref.org&rfr_dat=cr_pub%20%200pubmed
- https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5133122/
- https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8313472/
- https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/nutrition/articles/10.3389/fnut.2021.653765/full
- https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10783196/
- https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3703169/
- https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0165178118318456
- https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7011463/
- https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11136869/#fn-group1
- https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7071389/